Superorganic

Superorganic Definition

Superorganic describes a level of human social evolution that is superimposed upon and surpasses merely organic evolution. The term was introduced by Herbert Spencer, who posited that evolution occurs across three distinct realms: the inorganic, the organic, and the superorganic. For Spencer, while superorganic evolution is particularly central to human development, this concept also applies to certain social insects and many animals. The use of ‘superorganic’ instead of terms like ‘cultural’ reflects a commitment to viewing human social development through evolutionary terms, acknowledging that although human social evolution differs from biological evolution, it retains a fundamental continuity with it.

Origins and Theory

The concept originated with Herbert Spencer, who viewed evolution as a transformation occurring in three interconnected realms: inorganic, organic, and superorganic. Spencer’s framework suggested that human social development could only be understood within this evolutionary context.

Continuity and Discontinuity

Spencer maintained that there were definite continuities among the three types of evolution—inorganic, organic, and superorganic. This contrasts with some other sociologists who have tended to emphasise a sharp break between human culture and all preceding forms of evolution.

Significance

The distinction between these evolutionary realms opens a debate regarding the nature and degree of difference in social evolution.