Sociology Plus
Differential Fertility Definition
Differential fertility refers to the variations in the average number of children per family observed across different social groups, such as varying social classes or ethnic groups. This concept examines how reproductive patterns differ among these groups, often serving as an analytical tool for understanding social stratification and inequality.
Theoretical Application
Historically, differences in fertility rates among social classes were employed to explain mechanisms of upward social mobility. The argument posited was that families in the upper and middle classes tended to have lower fertility rates, particularly concerning the birth of sons, which was seen as a factor limiting their ability to fill positions within the professional, managerial, and white-collar employment sectors. This demographic imbalance was theorised to necessitate recruitment from the working class to supply the labour force.
Historical Context
The relationship between differential fertility and social structure has evolved over time. In earlier contexts, lower fertility in higher classes was interpreted as a structural necessity related to economic roles. However, this dynamic has been significantly altered by modern developments. With the introduction of more reliable birth control methods and a general rise in the standard of living for many populations, the stark differences in fertility rates between social classes have tended to diminish.